Binocular Vision (10 ECTS)

Objective

Knowledge base
Students are able to
• explain the principles of binocular vision and anatomical foundations for it
• describe significance of binocularity to vision and its development in childhood.
• distinguish binocular vision disorders and describe the factors causing them, symptoms and treatments
• distinguish accommodation disorders and describe the factors causing them, symptoms and treatments
• describe the principals of the tests of the binocular vision and accommodation
• assess normality of the test values of binocular vision and accommodation
• calculate the corrective prism and spherical dioptric correction to control accommodative convergence

Clinical/practical base
Students are able to
• assess near vision and function of the accommodation
• assess extra ocular muscle balance, measure phorias and vergences
• assess binocular vision, fixation disparity, stereo acuity
• record the test results with understandable and agreedable notation (KANTA, ICD10)

ENGLISH LANGUAGE
The student is able to communicate fluently and efficiently in English in student and working life assignments in their field in Finland and abroad, and able to use English to develop their own professional skills. The student is able to act naturally in a multicultural environment, taking into account specific characteristics of the communication situations and the other speakers' cultural and linguistic circumstances. The student is able to obtain information required in their professional field from various sources and to process and communicate about it in writing and orally. The student has a realistic perception of their language and communication skills, and takes a positive approach to developing them as part of their professional skills.

Content

Binocular vision
• function and significance (pros and cons) to vision
• oculocentric and egocentric perception
• sensoric and motoric fusion and its development
• corresponding points
• horopter and Panum´s fusional area
• physiological diplopia
• crossed and uncrossed physiological diplopia
• summation
• dominant eye
o sight and direction
• binocular rivarly
• supression, alternate vision, diplopia, confusion
binocular vision disorders
• epidemiology
• symptoms
• mechanism
examination of phoria
• cover test and prism bar
• dissociation tests
• association tests
fixation disparity and testing
• definition, etiology, symptoms, examination (Mallet, Wesson card)
stereo acuity
• depth perception
• monocular and binocular clues
• retinal disparity
• stereoacuity and its development
• stereo tests and testing (TNO ja Titmus)
accommodation and testing
• accommodative amplitude
• accommodative flexibility
• accommodative response (lag)
o MEM ja Nott
• positive and negative accommodation (PRA/NRA)
vergence tests
• positive and negative vergence (PRK/NRK)
• AC/A
o gradient
o formula
heterophoria and vergences
• classification
• etiology
• symptoms
• tests and procedure (Krimsky, Maddox cylinder, Von Graeffe, Schober, Hirsberg/Krimsky, fusional reserves NRK/PRK and supra/infra
• convergence excess
• convergence insufficiency
• divergence excess
• divergence insufficiency
• basic eso/exophoria
• treatment
o Sheard ja Percival
o spherical power lens to control accommodative convergence
accommodative disorders
• classification
• etilogy
• symptoms
• tests and procedure
• accommodative insufficiency
• accommodative excess
• accommodative infacility
• treatment
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
• The field's key international and international-at-home interaction situations: individual and group communication
• Key concepts and terms used in the field in texts appearing in the field
• The professional field's text conventions and text types
• Information acquisition, processing, application and dissemination and the reading of scientific information in a foreign language
• Professional organisations, work environments, duties, processes and tools
• Training and career planning in your own professional field
• Self-assessment of language and communication skills, and development of your own learning strategies

Location and time

Theory lectures and workshops are given partly face to face at the kampus and partly as online sessions (Teams)
Pracical teaching is given at Myllypuro campus, ass the given schedule

Materials

To be announced at the start
Lecture notes, articles
Literature among lecture notes:
Primary Care Optometry: Anomalies of Binocular Vision, sivut 75-85, Dynaaminen retinoskopia 197-199, Akkommodaatiotestit 231-234, Akkommodaatiohäiriöt 267-268
Borish´s Clinical Refraction: Fusion and Binocularity, pages 121-156, Accommodation, the pupil, and presbyopia, sivut 93-138
AOA: Care of the patient with Presbyopia
Stidwill and Fletcher 2014: Normal Binocular Vision: Theory, Investigation and Practical Aspects; The Development of Binocular vision p 15-28.
Scheimann, M & Wick, B., Clinical Management of Binocular Vision - Heterophoric, Accommodative, and Eye Movement Disorders 3rd Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2008) Chapter 1-2, 12.
More material will be found in the OMA platform.

Teaching methods

Interactive lectures,
Virtual lectures and meetings
Guided practices and assignments
Guided problem based group assignment (CASE)
Problem based individual assignment (CASE)
Written assignments
Moodle -web course

Employer connections

No work placement

Exam schedules

In the 1st period of the current semester, two separate written exams on campus:
1st exam in the middle of the period 18 September 2024: Development of binocularity and its basics, stereo vision, accommodation and fields of vision
2nd exam at the end of the period 11 October 2024: Binocular disorders, phorias and reserves, AKA value and prism glasses determination

First retake: 29.-31.10.2025 EXAM-järjestelmässä
Second retake: 3.-5.12.2025 EXAM-järjestelmässä
Guided problem-based groupassignment (CASE) deadline; 6.10.2025 at 9 am
problem-based individual assignment (CASE) on 9.10.2025 and the publication seminar 9.10.2025 (situation to be assessed)
CASE Liina Karhu individual assignment 9.10.2025; independent task work; supervised and partially guided independent work. Exam-style, numerically assessed task with assessment: To be supplemented - 5

Case Liina Karhu individual assignment supplement 1 and 2: if the assessment gives the grade to be supplemented, supplements will be made: 27.10. and/or 6.11., so that the performance can be accepted with a grade of 1.

Eyey examination in English, oral examination: xx.xx. Will be placed in one of the eye examination practice classes already in the scedule.

International connections

no

Completion alternatives

no

Student workload

1 etc is approximately 27h student work

If the student has a decision of special educational need, shall this student contact the teacher of the course immediately after the end of the registration period (or latest before the start of the course.)

Further information

All the material given during the studies is not to be shared with other or third parts and is only allowed to be used for the students own learning purposes.

Instructions on the use of artificial intelligence during the course are given separately. Students should familiarise themselves with Metropolia's AI guidelines and follow them in their study attainments.

Evaluation scale

0-5

Assessment criteria, satisfactory (1)

The student is able to:
- display learning in professional knowledge and core content in the field
- search information from a variety of sources
- work in various duties in a variety of operating environments
- show that he has achieved the targets for core competence
- display learning in the key safety practices in the field
- act according to ethical principles
- to contribute his learning for the benefit of a group or project
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
In communication situations related to their professional field, the student trusts their communication skills enough to manage professional language use situations by asking questions to check any unclear points, and thanks to their own short speeches are able to understand the other speaker's communication in order to act appropriately. The student expresses their thoughts in a simple way and for the most part coherently and reasonably understandably despite shortcomings in professional language and making grammatical errors that make it difficult for the message to get across. The student can produce simple texts of a specific format independently, and longer texts by means of language tools.

Assessment criteria, good (3)

The student is able to:
- use concepts and knowledge in his field systematically
- find information and assess and use information sources with a critical eye
- apply professional information in professional assignments
- apply professional expertise in various work assignments
- act independently and responsibly in professional contexts
- plan operations with safety in mind
- act according to professional ethics
- act purposefully in working groups and projects
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
In communication situations related to their professional field, the student trusts their communication skills enough to manage language situations in the field as expected from a professional. The student exchanges ideas on an equal basis with an independent language user, and if necessary, takes the initiative to communicate in professional language use situations, taking into account to some extent the other participants' language and cultural backgrounds and the circumstances. The student expresses themselves, without delay, clearly and in detail, using professional vocabulary accurately. The student pronounces English clearly so that the overall message is conveyed, and produces texts for different purposes, without any of the occasional weak points in the language stopping the message from getting across.

Assessment criteria, excellent (5)

The student is able to:
- use concepts and knowledge in his field professionally
- argue the use of his sources - argue a course of action on the basis of research information or findings
- operate in a range of duties and work situations, also in international contexts
- to act in a way that is customeroriented and displays entrepreneurial spirit
- to act responsibly, taking safety issues into consideration
- argue his choices on the basis of professional ethics
- organise and manage the operation of a group and project
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
In communication situations related to their professional field, the student trusts their communication skills to take part and take the initiative in language use situations in various communication situations in the field, following the conventions. The student exchanges ideas clearly and fluently on an equal basis with a skilful language user, and communicates, taking the initiative if necessary, also in demanding professional language use situations, taking into account the other participants' language and cultural backgrounds. The student expresses themselves efficiently and accurately, using demanding professional vocabulary accurately. The student pronounces English clearly with natural stress and rhythm so that the overall message is emphasised, and produces clear, well-structured and compelling texts in various text types.

Assessment criteria, approved/failed

The student is able to:
- display learning in professional knowledge and core content in the field
- search information from a variety of sources
- work in various duties in a variety of operating environments
- show that he has achieved the targets for core competence
- display learning in the key safety practices in the field
- act according to ethical principles
- to contribute his learning for the benefit of a group or project
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
In communication situations related to their professional field, the student trusts their communication skills enough to manage professional language use situations by asking questions to check any unclear points, and thanks to their own short speeches are able to understand the other speaker's communication in order to act appropriately. The student expresses their thoughts in a simple way and for the most part coherently and reasonably understandably despite shortcomings in professional language and making grammatical errors that make it difficult for the message to get across. The student can produce simple texts of a specific format independently, and longer texts by means of language tools.

Assessment methods and criteria

Maintainence in lectures and eyeexaminationpractise
Written examinations represets 33,33% each and 66,66% in total of the final mark
CASE -written individual assignment 33,33% of the final mark

Practical guided assignments done and evaluated (oraly)
Practicals must be returned latest in Friday after the latest lecture to Myllypuro Campus.
Individual reflection
Assignment Deadlines and Assessment:
Submitting assignments on time is one of the assessment criteria. Late submissions may negatively affect the grade. Students with an approved Individual Study Arrangement Plan (YOJ) at Metropolia University of Applied Sciences may negotiate alternative deadlines.

Qualifications

Refraction
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
B2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)