Binocular VisionLaajuus (10 ECTS)

Objective

Knowledge base
Students are able to
• explain the principles of binocular vision and anatomical foundations for it
• describe significance of binocularity to vision and its development in childhood.
• distinguish binocular vision disorders and describe the factors causing them, symptoms and treatments
• distinguish accommodation disorders and describe the factors causing them, symptoms and treatments
• describe the principals of the tests of the binocular vision and accommodation
• assess normality of the test values of binocular vision and accommodation
• calculate the corrective prism and spherical dioptric correction to control accommodative convergence
• Students are able to use optometry-related resources in English. They are able to present their optometric knowledge in English, both verbally and in writing. They are able to guide the customer in vision-related issues in English. Their verbal and written communication skills correspond to the skill level B2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages.

Clinical/practical base
Students are able to
• assess near vision and function of the accommodation
• assess extra ocular muscle balance, measure phorias and vergences
• assess binocular vision, fixation disparity, stereo acuity
• record the test results with understandable and agreedable notation (KANTA, ICD10)

Content

Binocular vision
• function and significance (pros and cons) to vision
• oculocentric and egocentric perception
• sensoric and motoric fusion and its development
• corresponding points
• horopter and Panum´s fusional area
• physiological diplopia
• crossed and uncrossed physiological diplopia
• summation
• dominant eye
o sight and direction
• binocular rivarly
• supression, alternate vision, diplopia, confusion
binocular vision disorders
• epidemiology
• symptoms
• mechanism
examination of phoria
• cover test and prism bar
• dissociation tests
• association tests
fixation disparity and testing
• definition, etiology, symptoms, examination (Mallet, Wesson card)
stereo acuity
• depth perception
• monocular and binocular clues
• retinal disparity
• stereoacuity and its development
• stereo tests and testing (TNO ja Titmus)
accommodation and testing
• accommodative amplitude
• accommodative flexibility
• accommodative response (lag)
o MEM ja Nott
• positive and negative accommodation (PRA/NRA)
vergence tests
• positive and negative vergence (PRK/NRK)
• AC/A
o gradient
o formula
heterophoria and vergences
• classification
• etiology
• symptoms
• tests and procedure (Krimsky, Maddox cylinder, Von Graeffe, Schober, Hirsberg/Krimsky, fusional reserves NRK/PRK and supra/infra
• convergence excess
• convergence insufficiency
• divergence excess
• divergence insufficiency
• basic eso/exophoria
• treatment
o Sheard ja Percival
o spherical power lens to control accommodative convergence
accommodative disorders
• classification
• etilogy
• symptoms
• tests and procedure
• accommodative insufficiency
• accommodative excess
• accommodative infacility
• treatment

Qualifications

Refraction

Assessment criteria, satisfactory (1)

The student is able to:
- display learning in professional knowledge and core content in the field
- search information from a variety of sources
- work in various duties in a variety of operating environments
- show that he has achieved the targets for core competence
- display learning in the key safety practices in the field
- act according to ethical principles
- to contribute his learning for the benefit of a group or project

Assessment criteria, good (3)

The student is able to:
- use concepts and knowledge in his field systematically
- find information and assess and use information sources with a critical eye
- apply professional information in professional assignments
- apply professional expertise in various work assignments
- act independently and responsibly in professional contexts
- plan operations with safety in mind
- act according to professional ethics
- act purposefully in working groups and projects

Assessment criteria, excellent (5)

The student is able to:
- use concepts and knowledge in his field professionally
- argue the use of his sources - argue a course of action on the basis of research information or findings
- operate in a range of duties and work situations, also in international contexts
- to act in a way that is customeroriented and displays entrepreneurial spirit
- to act responsibly, taking safety issues into consideration
- argue his choices on the basis of professional ethics
- organise and manage the operation of a group and project

Assessment criteria, approved/failed

The student is able to:
- display learning in professional knowledge and core content in the field
- search information from a variety of sources
- work in various duties in a variety of operating environments
- show that he has achieved the targets for core competence
- display learning in the key safety practices in the field
- act according to ethical principles
- to contribute his learning for the benefit of a group or project