Refraction (5 cr)

Objective

Knowledge base
Students are able to
• describe the principle of the test for refraction
• describe mechanism of presbyopia and facts affecting that
• calculate the range of accommodation in presbyopia and introduce lenses for different distances
• describe the eye movements and normal functions
• describe the features of anisometropia

Clinical/practical base
Students are able to
• do the procedure of subjective monocular refraction also in case of high ametropia using cross cylinder, astigmatic dials, fogging methods, and duochrome methods
• do the procedure of subjective binocular refraction using accommodation equalisation techniques
• use phoropter and automated phoropter
• use autorefractometer and implement the results
• recognize the presbyopic symptoms and determine near addition
• measure convergence near point and exam the saccades and pursuit movements
• do the procedure of H-test and cover test
• record the measurement values with understandable and agreedable notation

Content

Subjective tests:
o cross cylinder
o asticmatic dial
o fogging methods
o duochrome methods
o equalisation techniques: polarized test, bichrome balance test, fogging balance test
Extra ocular muscles and eye movements:
o eye movements and control mechanism
o eye movements and dynamics and kinematics
o agonist-antagonist relationship
o first, secondary and tertiary effects
o muscle actions in different viewing directions
o H-test and cover test
o reflex movements and compensation movements
o micro saccades and steady fixation
o fixation
o versio movements - pursuits and saccades
-measurement, NSUCO-methods
o vergence - tonic, accommodative, fusional and proximal
o convergence near point and measuring it
Presbyopia
o definition, epidemiogy, classification, symptoms, mechanism, treatment, correction
o accommodation amblitude measurement: Prince-rule
o define the near addition with accommodation amblitude, dynaamic cross cylinder, trial lenses, NRA/PRA -test
Autorefractometry- principal, use and implementation

Evaluation scale

0-5

Assessment criteria, satisfactory (1)

he student is able to:
- display learning in core content
- use individual professional concepts correctly
- find information for a specific situation
- distinguish between non-theoretical and theoretical information
- act in individual professional situations as instructed - display learning in his professional field
- show that he has achieved the targets for core competence
- follow safety instructions
- display learning in the ethical principles of his professional field
- operate as a member of a student group

Assessment criteria, good (3)

The student is able to:
- display an understanding of concepts and professional knowledge in the field
- assess and limit the amount of information needed
- operate well in typical professional duties and contexts
- operate in a multicultural environment
- operate safely
- act according to professional ethics
- operate in a student group

Assessment criteria, excellent (5)

The student is able to:
- use concepts and knowledge in his field systematically
- assess and use various information sources
- apply professional information in professional assignments
- work in various duties in a variety of operating environments
- act independently and responsibly in professional contexts
- to take safety issues into consideration in his action
- argue his choices on the basis of professional ethics
- organise the activities of a group of students

Assessment criteria, approved/failed

he student is able to:
- display learning in core content
- use individual professional concepts correctly
- find information for a specific situation
- distinguish between non-theoretical and theoretical information
- act in individual professional situations as instructed - display learning in his professional field
- show that he has achieved the targets for core competence
- follow safety instructions
- display learning in the ethical principles of his professional field
- operate as a member of a student group

Qualifications

Basics of the Eye Examination