Pediatric Eye Diseases and Vision (5 cr)

Objective

Knowledge base
Students are able to
(1) paediatric communication skills, (2) assessment of visual acuity, (3) refractive examination, (4) myopia, (5) amblyopia, (6) strabismus (7) nystagmus (8) paediatric eye disorders, (9) paediatric spectacle dispensing, (10) normal and abnormal development of motor and cognitive skills (11) normal and abnormal vision development (12) optometrist role in paediatric vision health care
Clinical/practical base
Students are able to
· plan symptom base eye examination and evaluate the child's vision
· refer child who needs special examinations because of learning and other difficulties
· use various visual acuity tests and methods for children of different ages
· investigate and, if necessary, manage if an adult have stabismus
· exam and distinguish between incomitant and con-comitant tropia

Content

-Children's communication skills
-Evaluation of visual acuity - Lea symbols, Teller card, forced choice
-Refraction for child- retinoscopy, cyclorefraction, Mohindra
-Myopia - Prevalence, development and treatment
-Amblyopia definition, prevalence, classification by causes, development and mechanism (deprivation, ABI), visual acuity, examination and treatment
-Stabismus -
· incomitant tropia - definition, classification, etiology, symptoms, and signs, examination,
· concomitant tropia – definition, classification, etiology, symptoms, and signs, examination, A / V Syndrome
· microtropia - definition, fearure, examination / diagnosis and treatment
· syndromes - A and V syndromes, Marcus Gunn phenomenon, Moebius syndrome, Duanen syndrome, Brown syndrome
-Eccentric fixation (EF) - examination and treatment
-Examination – taking history, Map of Hess, Parks-Bielschowski and 3-step Test
-Nystagmus - definition, classification, relation to strabismus, examination and treatment
-Pediatric ocular disorders- hereditary diseases, cataract, retinopathy, vision disorders, congenital disorders, neuromuscular disorders
-Spectacles for child - dimensioning, frame and lens selection, fit and functionality, spare parts
-Normal and abnormal development of motor and cognitive skills (psychic, sensory, neuromuscular and motor skills, social behavior, linguistic skills, multiple disability, reading, writing and mathematics difficulties)
· frequency, symptoms and signs
· Tests to assess the development of a child: physical fitness, development of fine and coarse motoric skills, personal social development, language development
· Tests to assess the development of visual perception: visual attention and separation, visual-motor integration, intersensor integration, bilateral integration and lateralization
-Normal and abnormal vision development -
· Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, refractive errors, color vision, transparency of the media, photosensitivity, shape detection, adaptation and convergence, stereo acuity
· Restriction to early eye development - plasticity, deprivation of light and shape, monocular and binocular deprivation, refraction errors, cataracts and strabismus
Optometrist's role in children's eye care - the role of optometrist and other professionals in screening, evaluation, and care

Location and time

Spring semester 2025

Materials

Lecture notes.
Clinical Orthoptics: Fiona J. Rowe 2012.
Silmätautien käsikirja 2018: Chapters Karsastus (Laura Lindberg), Lasten silmäsairaudet (Päivi Lindahl and Kari Krootila)
IMI – Myopia Control Reports Overview and Introduction James S. Wolffsohn, Daniel Ian Flitcroft, Kate L. Gifford, Monica Jong, Lyndon Jones, Caroline C. W. Klaver, Nicola S. Logan, Kovin Naidoo, Serge Resnikoff, Padmaja Sankaridurg, Earl L. Smith III, David Troilo, and Christine F. Wildsoet
Mein, Joyce – Trimble, Roger, 1991. Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Motility Disorders
von Noorden, G.K. – Campos, E.C., 2002. Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility: Theory and management of strabismus
Jutila, T. – Hirvonen, T. 2013. Nystagmus. Duodecim
Abadi, R.V. 2002. Mechanicm underlying nystagmus. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Teaching methods

Lectures
Written assignment
Eye examination practicals

Exam schedules

Online exam Moodle 29.4.2025
Retakes:
Retake 1: 8.5.2025
Retake 2: 15.5.2025

Student workload

Lectures 12 x 3h = 36h
Practicals 4 x 3h = 12h
Written exam 2h
Independent work 85h

Further information

Instructions on the use of artificial intelligence during the course are given separately. Students should familiarise themselves with Metropolia's AI guidelines and follow them in their study attainments.

Evaluation scale

0-5

Assessment criteria, satisfactory (1)

The student is able to:

- apply professional knowledge in the field appropriately
- use concepts and information in his field systematically
- argue a course of action on the basis of research information and findings
- find information and argue the use of his sources
- work in various duties depending on the assignment
- define the principles of and requirements for his actions
- show that he has achieved the targets for core competence
- find out the safety instructions concerning a word assignments and to act accordingly
- act according to the relevant professional ethical principles
- plan and guide the operation of multidisciplinary groups
- communicate about professional issues

Assessment criteria, good (3)

The student is able to:

- use concepts and knowledge in his field fluently and comprehensively
- assess and use information sources and research information with a critical eye
- apply research information to professional assignments
- operate in a range of work situations, also in international contexts
- act in a client- and customer-oriented way and as an entrepreneur
- act responsibly in work duties, taking safety issues into consideration
- evaluate actions from the viewpoint of professional ethics
- represent his professional field in multidisciplinary and international groups and projects

Assessment criteria, excellent (5)

The student is able to:

- display a good understanding of professional information
- use theoretical and professional concepts and knowledge like an expert and combine them into larger entities
- create and communicate new information
- develop innovative and alternative solutions to professional assignments and problems
- apply professional expertise in new situations - take responsibility for a professional process in its entirety
- develop the community's safety and responsibility
- apply professional ethics in various situations
- manage the professional development of individuals/groups
- act purposefully and to develop himself and working life

Assessment criteria, approved/failed

The student is able to:

- apply professional knowledge in the field appropriately
- use concepts and information in his field systematically
- argue a course of action on the basis of research information and findings
- find information and argue the use of his sources
- work in various duties depending on the assignment
- define the principles of and requirements for his actions
- show that he has achieved the targets for core competence
- find out the safety instructions concerning a word assignments and to act accordingly
- act according to the relevant professional ethical principles
- plan and guide the operation of multidisciplinary groups
- communicate about professional issues

Assessment methods and criteria

Written exam 0-5, to get pass require 60% points
Practicals and written assignment needs to be approved

Qualifications

Orthoptics and Work Placement