Opinto-opas

Objective

Knowledge base
Students are able to

• differentiate and describe the different refractive states, related symptoms and treatment
• describe the general development of refractive errors
• describe the mechanism of accommodation and it´s effects to vision
• assess measurements of accommodation amplitude and visual acuity to normal values
• describe the definition of visual acuity and the factors affecting it
• calculate the size of the required optotype at different distances
• calculate the change in visual acuity if there is an abnormal distance
• describe optics of the retinoscopy and main parts of the phoropter

Clinical/practical
Students are able to
• take patient history
• assess refraction with retinoscopy
• use trial frames, trial lenses, and phoropter and taking into account ergonomic issues
• measure visual acuity and make the records of it
• measure accommodation amblitude

Content

Refractive status: epidemiology, patient history, symptoms, distinguishing, treatment, spectacle correction and prognosis
• emmetropia
• myopia
-empty field and night myopia, night myopia
• hyperopia
• astigmatism
• accommodation
• aphakia and pseudophakia, anisometropia (definitions)
Eye examination room and equipment:
Hygiene and cleaning
o use and maintenance of tools
Anamnesis, patient history:
o Clinical Guidelines for eye examination
o patient communication
Static retinoscopy:
o optics and use
Visual acuity:
o normal developement, emmetropization and age changes
- tests for distance and near, tests for pediatrics, size of the optotypes, different optotypes, ISO standard
o definitions of visual acuity
o MAR, minimi angle of resolution
o records (decimal, Snellen fracture, and logMAR) and measuring the acuity
o factors influence to visual acuity, as retina eccentricity, refraction error, lighting intensity, contrast
o calculating the effect of distance change
Accommodaation:
o mechanism, effects of age and diseases
o Duane curve, Hofstetter-formulas
o classification: -tonic, vergence, reflex and proximal
o accommodation amplitude and measurement, (Duane line and push-up methods)
o accommodation: field between far point and near point, comfortable zone
o accommodation, pupil reflex and convergence, (the near triad)

Materials

David B. Elliot: 2014 Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care: The case history, Trial frame or phoropther? and Objective refraction.
Clinical Guideline: Eye Examination
ISO 8596: Ophtalmic optics – Visual acuity testing - Standard optotype and its presentation
Borish Clinical Refraction
1. Mark Rosenfield: Refractive status of the eye
2. Karla Zadnik ja Donald O. Mutti: Incidence and
distribution of refractive anomalies.
3. David A. Goss: Development of the ametropias.
4. Ciuffreda K.J. Accommodation, the pupil, and presbyopia
7. Ian L. Bailey: Visual Acuity
WHO 2015: The impact of myopia and high myopia. https://www.who.int/blindness/causes/MyopiaReportforWeb.pdf
Cathleen Fedtke 2019: Spectacles: Progressive Addition Multifocals/Executive Bifocals/Light Diffusion Technology. Brian Holden Vision Institute.

Teaching methods

Lectures
Practicals
Case-learning

Exam schedules

Written exam 3.3, 1. retake 23.3. 2. retake announced later

Student workload

Practicals 2 ECTS with 10 x 3h, 30 hours in total.
Lectures 2 ECTS with 7 x 3 hours, 21 hours in total followed by a 2-hour written exam.
Written case work - group assignment 1 ECTS 27h
Individual assignments (calculations and written tasks) 8h
Independent work (other than mentioned) 47h.

Evaluation scale

0-5

Assessment criteria, satisfactory (1)

The student is able to:
- display learning in core content
- use individual professional concepts correctly
- find information for a specific situation
- distinguish between non-theoretical and theoretical information
- act in individual professional situations as instructed - display learning in his professional field
- show that he has achieved the targets for core competence
- follow safety instructions
- display learning in the ethical principles of his professional field
- operate as a member of a student group

Assessment criteria, good (3)

The student is able to:
- display an understanding of concepts and professional knowledge in the field
- assess and limit the amount of information needed
- operate well in typical professional duties and contexts
- operate in a multicultural environment
- operate safely
- act according to professional ethics
- operate in a student group

Assessment criteria, excellent (5)

The student is able to:
- use concepts and knowledge in his field systematically
- assess and use various information sources
- apply professional information in professional assignments
- work in various duties in a variety of operating environments
- act independently and responsibly in professional contexts
- to take safety issues into consideration in his action
- argue his choices on the basis of professional ethics
- organise the activities of a group of students

Assessment criteria, approved/failed

The student is able to:
- display learning in core content
- use individual professional concepts correctly
- find information for a specific situation
- distinguish between non-theoretical and theoretical information
- act in individual professional situations as instructed - display learning in his professional field
- show that he has achieved the targets for core competence
- follow safety instructions
- display learning in the ethical principles of his professional field
- operate as a member of a student group

Assessment methods and criteria

Assignment and practicals: All work sheets must be returned at the end of the period and approved by the lecturer. Pass/redo.
Written examination, grade 0-5 70%
Case-assignment, grade 0-5 30%

Qualifications

Spectacle application and manufacturing and Geometrical optics