Optics and Applications in Optometry (10 cr)

Objective

Knowledge base
Students are able to
• explain and solve problems by drawing and calculating related to the eye, optical instruments and lenses, their problems, function and correction.
• areas are: refraction at single spherical or plane surfaces, thin lenses, thick lenses and mirrors.
• describe basic physical characteristics of light (the wavy nature and aberrations of light, the behavior of light in media, polarization and light passage through multiple polarizers, image quality, diffraction and interference).
• describe the basic features of lighting and guide in choosing the right lighting
• describe the properties of eye protection and sunglasses

Clinical/practical
Students are able to
Work placement and practicing in university, 2 ECTS:
• advise and dispense the most appropriate spectacles, sunglasses and safety glasses with regard to durability and comfort (anatomy), as well as cosmetic and lifestyle considerations.
• measure single-power and multifocal spectacles, taking into account standards.
• adjust spectacles, taking into account the characteristics of different frame materials
• grind single-power and multifocal spectacles
• perform simple spectacle services and repairs
• identify frame materials and know how to select special treatments

Content

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
Refraction at single spherical or plane surfaces
o Curvature and sagitta
o Refractive index and rectilinear propagation
o Vergence and dioptric power
o Object-image relationships
o Lateral magnification
o Snell’s law of refraction
o Total reflection
Thin lenses
o Vergence: dioptic and effective power
o Object-image relationships
o Lateral magnification
o Lensmaker’s formula
o Ray tracing
Thick lenses
o Object-image relationships
o Cardinal points and principal planes
o Dioptric power
Eye models and sphero-cylindrical lenses
o ametropias and refraction of the principal meridians
o sphero-cylindrical lenses and the location of foci, image planes, principal meridians, least blur confusion
o dioptric distributions in lenses, also between principal meridians
Lens prismatic effect
o Prentice formula
o manipulation of lens form and setting to obtain the desired control of prismatic effect horizontal and vertical meridian
o vertical prism effect
Mirrors
o Planar and spherical reflection
o Proportion of light reflected from a surface (Fresnel’s law)
o Object-image relationships
o Lateral magnification
o Lens / mirror systems
o Focal points, focal planes and curvatures
o Lens and mirror systems
o Ray tracing

PHYSICAL OPTICS
Wave optics and aberrations:
• Characteristics of wave motion
• Classifications of the electromagnetic spectrum
• Total and partial coherence
• Diffraction (single slit, circular aperture, limits of resolution, zone plates)
• Interference (double slit, multiples slits, thin film, antireflective coatings, holography)
• Scattering (Rayleigh compared to Tyndall)
• Dispersion

Interaction of light and matter:
• Atomic energy levels, absorption and emission line spectra
• Continuous spectra
• Fluorescence (photons, energy levels)
• Lasers (theory of operation, speckle pattern)
• Spectral transmission
• Light emitting diodes (LED)

Polarization:
• Linear polarized light
• Circular and elliptical polarization
• Polarization by reflection (glare reduction, Brewster’s law)
• Effect of scattering on polarization
• Transmission through successive polarizers (stress analysis, Malus’ law)

Image quality:
• Resolving power
• Point and line spread function
• Modulation transfer function (Fourier optics)
VISUAL OPTICS
Quality of retinal image:
• Aberrations
-spherical
-chromatic
-coma
-curvature
-oblique astimatism
-distortion
• Diffraction and stray light
• Point and line spread functions
Wave front technology and its use in optometry

Radiation of the eye:
• Radiometry (radiant, intensity, radiance, and irradiance)
• Photometry (Luminosity function, luminous intensity, luminance, and illuminance, Lambertian surfaces-cosine laws)
• Spectral transmission of the ocular media
• Retinal illuminance
• Effects of radiation (especially infrared, visible and ultraviolet)

Safety goggles and sun glasses:
-absorptive lenses
-specification of lens tints and absorptive coatings
-characteristics of photochromic lenses
Spectacles for safety , occupational and hobby purpose:
-impact resistance
-safety goggles
-standards
•Lens and frame manufacturing and selections: product presentations by importers/agents

Location and time

Spring semester 2025, first period.
Myllypuro Campus, Teams / Zoom. Teacher of the course will give further information before the beginning of the course.

Materials

To be announced.

Teaching methods

Lessons
Learning assignments
Written assignments
Demonstrations

Employer connections

Work placement 1 week (1,5 credits)
Demonstrations (0,5 credits)

Exam schedules

Exam Physics: Teacher of the course will give further information during contact teaching
Retakes (2 times) Spring 2025
Dates for retakes are announced later.

International connections

N/A

Completion alternatives

N/A

Student workload

10 credits = 270 h studies
Theoretical studies: lessons, assignments, independent studying 8 credits = 216 h
Work placement and demonstrations ( incl. preparing) = 54 h

Further information

If the student has individualized educational support arrangements, shall this student contact the teacher of the course immediately after the end of the registration period (or latest before the start of the course.)

Instructions on the use of artificial intelligence during the course are given separately. Students should familiarise themselves with Metropolia's AI guidelines and follow them in their study attainments.

Evaluation scale

0-5

Assessment criteria, satisfactory (1)

Student is able to:
- Display learning in core content
- Use individual professional concepts correctly
- Find information for a specific situation
- Distinguish between non-theoretical and theoretical information
- Act in individual professional situations as instructed
- Display learning in his professional field
- Show that he has achieved the targets for core competence
- Follow safety instructions
- Display learning in the ethical principles of his professional field
- Operate as a member of a student group

Assessment criteria, good (3)

Student is able to:
- Display an understanding of concepts and professional knowledge in the field
- Assess and limit the amount of information needed
- Operate well in typical professional duties and contexts
- Operate in a multicultural environment
- Operate safely
- Act according to professional ethics
- Operate in a student group

Assessment criteria, excellent (5)

Student is able to:
- Use concepts and knowledge in his field systematically
- Assess and use various information sources
- Apply professional information in professional assignments
- Work in various duties in a variety of operating environments
- Act independently and responsibly in professional contexts
- To take safety issues into consideration in his action
- Argue his choices on the basis of professional ethics
- Organise the activities of a group of students

Assessment criteria, approved/failed

Student is able to:
- Display learning in core content
- Use individual professional concepts correctly
- Find information for a specific situation
- Distinguish between non-theoretical and theoretical information
- Act in individual professional situations as instructed
- Display learning in his professional field
- Show that he has achieved the targets for core competence
- Follow safety instructions
- Display learning in the ethical principles of his professional field
- Operate as a member of a student group

Assessment methods and criteria

Assessment requires that all parts of the course are passed.
Grades are determined by exams and written assignments.
Exams and written assignments are assessed with grading scale 1-5, physics determines 60 % and optometry 40% of the whole grade.
Work placement and competence demonstrations are assessed passed - to be supplemented.

Qualifications

Spectacle application and manufacturing and Optics of the Spectacle Lenses

Objective

Knowledge base
Students are able to
• explain and solve problems by drawing and calculating related to the eye, optical instruments and lenses, their problems, function and correction.
• areas are: refraction at single spherical or plane surfaces, thin lenses, thick lenses and mirrors.
• describe basic physical characteristics of light (the wavy nature and aberrations of light, the behavior of light in media, polarization and light passage through multiple polarizers, image quality, diffraction and interference).
• describe the basic features of lighting and guide in choosing the right lighting
• describe the properties of eye protection and sunglasses

Clinical/practical
Students are able to
Work placement and practicing in university, 2 ECTS:
• advise and dispense the most appropriate spectacles, sunglasses and safety glasses with regard to durability and comfort (anatomy), as well as cosmetic and lifestyle considerations.
• measure single-power and multifocal spectacles, taking into account standards.
• adjust spectacles, taking into account the characteristics of different frame materials
• grind single-power and multifocal spectacles
• perform simple spectacle services and repairs
• identify frame materials and know how to select special treatments

Content

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
Refraction at single spherical or plane surfaces
o Curvature and sagitta
o Refractive index and rectilinear propagation
o Vergence and dioptric power
o Object-image relationships
o Lateral magnification
o Snell’s law of refraction
o Total reflection
Thin lenses
o Vergence: dioptic and effective power
o Object-image relationships
o Lateral magnification
o Lensmaker’s formula
o Ray tracing
Thick lenses
o Object-image relationships
o Cardinal points and principal planes
o Dioptric power
Eye models and sphero-cylindrical lenses
o ametropias and refraction of the principal meridians
o sphero-cylindrical lenses and the location of foci, image planes, principal meridians, least blur confusion
o dioptric distributions in lenses, also between principal meridians
Lens prismatic effect
o Prentice formula
o manipulation of lens form and setting to obtain the desired control of prismatic effect horizontal and vertical meridian
o vertical prism effect
Mirrors
o Planar and spherical reflection
o Proportion of light reflected from a surface (Fresnel’s law)
o Object-image relationships
o Lateral magnification
o Lens / mirror systems
o Focal points, focal planes and curvatures
o Lens and mirror systems
o Ray tracing

PHYSICAL OPTICS
Wave optics and aberrations:
• Characteristics of wave motion
• Classifications of the electromagnetic spectrum
• Total and partial coherence
• Diffraction (single slit, circular aperture, limits of resolution, zone plates)
• Interference (double slit, multiples slits, thin film, antireflective coatings, holography)
• Scattering (Rayleigh compared to Tyndall)
• Dispersion

Interaction of light and matter:
• Atomic energy levels, absorption and emission line spectra
• Continuous spectra
• Fluorescence (photons, energy levels)
• Lasers (theory of operation, speckle pattern)
• Spectral transmission
• Light emitting diodes (LED)

Polarization:
• Linear polarized light
• Circular and elliptical polarization
• Polarization by reflection (glare reduction, Brewster’s law)
• Effect of scattering on polarization
• Transmission through successive polarizers (stress analysis, Malus’ law)

Image quality:
• Resolving power
• Point and line spread function
• Modulation transfer function (Fourier optics)
VISUAL OPTICS
Quality of retinal image:
• Aberrations
-spherical
-chromatic
-coma
-curvature
-oblique astimatism
-distortion
• Diffraction and stray light
• Point and line spread functions
Wave front technology and its use in optometry

Radiation of the eye:
• Radiometry (radiant, intensity, radiance, and irradiance)
• Photometry (Luminosity function, luminous intensity, luminance, and illuminance, Lambertian surfaces-cosine laws)
• Spectral transmission of the ocular media
• Retinal illuminance
• Effects of radiation (especially infrared, visible and ultraviolet)

Safety goggles and sun glasses:
-absorptive lenses
-specification of lens tints and absorptive coatings
-characteristics of photochromic lenses
Spectacles for safety , occupational and hobby purpose:
-impact resistance
-safety goggles
-standards
•Lens and frame manufacturing and selections: product presentations by importers/agents

Qualifications

Spectacle application and manufacturing and Optics of the Spectacle Lenses