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Näköhavainto ja sen tutkiminen (10 cr)

Code: SX00BP24-3012

General information


Enrollment

02.12.2019 - 15.03.2020

Timing

16.03.2020 - 27.11.2020

Number of ECTS credits allocated

10 op

Mode of delivery

Contact teaching

Unit

Kuntoutus ja tutkiminen

Campus

Myllypurontie 1

Teaching languages

  • Finnish

Degree programmes

  • Optometrian tutkinto-ohjelma

Teachers

  • Pia Mäkelä
  • Päivi Nokipii
  • Saija Flinkkilä

Teacher in charge

Pia Mäkelä

Groups

  • SXE19K1
    Optometrian tutkinto-ohjelma, päivä

Objective

Students are able to describe basic functional principles of nerve cells and the neural circuitry and connections of these to the structures of the central nervous system. They are able to describe the anatomy of the parts which are involved in visual perception and eye movements. They are able to describe the significance of the light and its properties to the visual function. They are able to describe the main features of neurophysiological activity of the visual system, visual information processing and visual perception, and how the changes of the nervous system affect vision. Students are be able to measure the stereoscopic vision, colour vision, contrast sensitivity and visual field and recognize significant deviations from the physiological values. They understand the role of vision screening as a part of an optometrist’s work and are able to plan, implement and produce a report on vision screening.

Content

Components of the nervous system; structure and functions of a nerve cell; the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system. Thinking, cognition and understanding. Interpretation and use of information, generation of visual information, general functional principles of perceptive systems. Visual agnosias, hemineglect, nervous diseases (multiple sclerosis, dementia, Parkinson's disease).
Psychophysical measurements, light and its significance to visual stimulation, receptive fields, processing visual information, eye movements and their neural coordination. Colour vision; tests and assessment of defects and problems related to them. Spatial and temporal properties of vision, contrast sensitivity, stereoscopic vision and qualitative perimetry and assessment methods. Vision screening; planning, implementing and reporting.

Location and time

Spring semester 1. period 11.1. - 28.5.2017, Faculty of Optometry

Materials

Lecture notes, articles
Web-source: https://www.jnjvisioncare.co.uk/educational-moments-clinical-topics
Suggested literature:
Elliott (2014) Clinical Procedures in PRIMARY EYE CARE.
Borish´s Clinical Refraction (2nd Ed. or newer)
Doshi S, Harvey W 2003. Investigative Techniques and Ocular Examination. p. 1-25,95-138
Mind and Brain, Study book for cognitive neuroscience (in Finnish) (2006). Hämäläinen et al. (Eds) . ISBN 951-29-3177-X. Sections on e.g. visual system (Simo Vanni), multisensory perception (Kaisa Tiippana) and topics on electrophysiological measurements and psychophysics.
CU Dynamic Colour Vision Test see: Barbur et al., Proc. Roy. Soc.B., 258, pp 327-334, 1994

Teaching methods

Interactive lectures
Guided practicals and assignments
Guided problem based individual or group assignment
Practicals done and assessed (verbal feedback is given during the practicals)
Vision screening practicals
Vision screening at workplaces

Employer connections

Vision screening
Screening consists of lectures and practicals on screening, preparation and screening itself. The students plan, implement and report a vision screening event. Students screen for 1-2 days at premises of their choice (e.g. schools, stores, workplaces). They work in 3-4 student groups screening approximately 60-100 patients. Then they analyze the results and write a report, which include also theoretical section on screening.

Exam schedules

Written examination 13.5.2020. Retakes 1 and 2 Autumn 2020

Student workload

Theory: 6.5 ECTS, approx. 60h
Practicals: 1.5 ECTS, 28h
Screening and a written report 2.0 ECTS

Further information

In case a student has a decision on special support arrangements affecting the course the student needs to contact the teacher in charge right after enrollment period.
Part of the teaching may be given in English.
Learning assignments are
1: Analysis of the results of the colour vision tests
2: Analysis of the peripheral vision (manual) tests.
3. A presentation of a relevant topic chosen by each student group. E.g. EEG, PET, Reading and working memory, Dyslexia, Rehabilitation of visual field defects, Neglect phenomenon, MS-disease, dementia, Parkinson’s and Visual agnosias.
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Detailed content
-
Colour perception
- Chromatic discrimination (hue and saturation) for normal & defective colour vision
- Colour mixture and appearance
- Colour specification and colorimetry (CIE)
- Spectral sensitivity of normal and defective colour vision
- Mechanisms of colour deficiencies
-
Space perception
- Direction and depth discrimination (monocular and binocular cues, oculocentric and egocentric localization)
- Characteristics of sensory function (binocular interactions including summation, binocular suppression and rivalry, corresponding points including horopter criteria)
- Development of sensory fusion and binocular vision
- Sensory-motor interactions (fixation, disparity, past pointing, visually guided behaviour, body posture and perceived orientation, and self-motion)
-
Form perception
- Static visual acuity (including test configuration, various acuity tasks, and factors influencing acuity including blur, intensity and contrast), specification of visual acuity
- Spatial contrast sensitivity function (including factors influencing the function) illusions, constancies, and figure-ground relations
- Simultaneous contrast and spatial interactions (Mach bands)
-
Light perception
- Detection characteristics at the absolute light threshold (including spectral, spatial, and temporal aspects) specification of contrast
-
Motion perception
- Factors involved in the detection of real and apparent motion, detection of displacements
- Motion after-effects
-
Temporal perception
- Critical flicker fusion frequency, including influencing factors (test object size, location and adaption level)
- Stabilised retinal images and monocular suppression (Troxler effect)
- Saccadic suppression
-
Psychophysical Methodology
- Basic psychophysical methods and theory
- Measurement of absolute and difference thresholds
- Methods of limits, adjustment, and constant stimuli
-
Tests and their use:
-
Colour vision investigation (Ishihara, H.R.R. Farnsworth D-15 saturated and desaturated, Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test)
•Clinical use
•Instrumentation
•Clinical procedure
•Clinical implications
Stereo vision (TNO, Stereo Fly/Titmus, distance vision computer screen test/Finnish Institute of Occupational Health stereovision-test)
•Clinical use
•Instrumentation
•Clinical procedure
•Clinical implications
Contrast sensitivity evaluation (Pelli-Robson, Vistech)
•Clinical use
•Instrumentation
•Clinical procedure
•Clinical implications
Perimetry (Amsler, Confrontation method, Bjerrum screen, Goldmann bowl)
•Clinical use
•Instrumentation
•Clinical procedure
•Clinical implications
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-
Anatomy and physiology:
Visual pathway
•Localisation of retinal fibres along visual pathway, optic nerve, chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex
•Layers of lateral geniculate body
•Layers of visual cortex, areas
•Anatomy related to visual pathology
Development:
Optic nerve and visual pathway
Development of lower visual pathway
Relationship between development of upper visual pathway and central vision.
-
Retina
Composition and formation of disc outersegments
Composition and formation of visual pigments
Stages of visual cycle
Photoreceptor electrophysiology
Retinal neurotransmitters
Function of bi polar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells (receptive fields)
Retinal neural mechanisms of colour vision (spatial, temporal and chromatic)
-
Visual pathway
Function of lateral geniculate body
Receptive fields of cells in lateral geniculate body (relationship to colour vision, binocularity, face perception, etc.)
-
Function of visual cortex
Receptive field properties (single cell properties)
Functional organisation of visual cortex
Physiology of binocular vision
Mechanism of feature detection
-
Extraocular muscles
Visual-vestibular interactions (vestibulo-ocular reflex, optokinetic reflex)
Supranuclear control of eye movements.
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Anomalies of Colour Vision (Congenital, Inherited)
Colour vision anomalies by type and prevalence
- Anomalous trichromacy
- Dichromacy
- Monochromacy
-
Colour vision tests used for both screening and diagnosis of congenital colour vision anomalies
- Pseudoisochromatic tests
- Arrangement tests (Farnsworth Panel 0-15, Farnsworth-MunseI1100-Hue)
- Anomaloscopic matching
-
Conditions for colour vision testing
-
Societal implications of colour vision anomalies
- School
- Vocational requirements
- Patient interest
-
Patient management strategies
- Counselling
- Special aids

Evaluation scale

0-5

Assessment criteria, satisfactory (1)

The student is able to:
- display learning in professional knowledge and core content in the field
- search information from a variety of sources
- work in various duties in a variety of operating environments
- show that he has achieved the targets for core competence
- display learning in the key safety practices in the field
- act according to ethical principles
- to contribute his learning for the benefit of a group or project

Assessment criteria, good (3)

The student is able to:
- use concepts and knowledge in his field systematically
- find information and assess and use information sources with a critical eye
- apply professional information in professional assignments
- apply professional expertise in various work assignments
- act independently and responsibly in professional contexts
- plan operations with safety in mind
- act according to professional ethics
- act purposefully in working groups and projects

Assessment criteria, excellent (5)

The student is able to:
- use concepts and knowledge in his field professionally
- argue the use of his sources - argue a course of action on the basis of research information or findings
- operate in a range of duties and work situations, also in international contexts
- to act in a way that is customeroriented and displays entrepreneurial spirit
- to act responsibly, taking safety issues into consideration
- argue his choices on the basis of professional ethics
- organise and manage the operation of a group and project

Assessment criteria, approved/failed

The student is able to:
- The student does not know or appreciate knowledge in the field sufficiently
- The student does not know or cannot use concepts in his field properly
- The student's professional level is insufficient
- The student is not acting in accordance with his training and guidance
- The student is not trying to develop himself or his actions
- The student is unconcerned about professional safety or ethical principles
- The student is not motivated by or participating in group or development work

Assessment methods and criteria

Written examination 90%
Group assignment 10%
Written assignment done
Practicals done. Absences must be covered by attendance during another session. All practical work sheets must be returned at the end of the course and approved by the lecturers
Attendance at an educational visit to Aalto University
Vision screening and report Pass / Rewrite
Practical competency assessment: Confrontation assessment
-
Permitted aids at the written examination
Standard: Pen, pencil, eraser and ruler.

Qualifications

Binocular Vision